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If 139-4°] Other Consonant Changes 67

sing. Goth, waist for *wáis, OE. wast for *wās, OHG. weist for *weis; Goth, qast for *qass, inf. qiþan, to say; Goth, báust for *báus, inf. biuđan, to bid; regular forms were pret. sing. Goth, waurhta, OE. worhte, OHG. worhta, Goth. inf. waurkjan, to work; then after the analogy of such forms were made OE. wiste, beside wisse, OHG. westa, beside wissa (wessa), / knew, inf. OE. witan; Goth. pret. sing, káupasta for *káupassa, inf. káupatjan, to strike with the palm of the hand, buffet.

For purely practical purposes the above laws may be thus formulated:—every labial +1 appears as ft, every guttural+ t as ht, every dental+t as ss, s (st).

§ 189. Assimilation:—-nw· > ·ηη·, as Goth. OE. OHG. rinnan from *rinwan, to run; Goth, kinnus, OE. cinn, OHG. kinni, from *genw·, Gr. γέκ«-5, chin, cheek; Goth, minniza, OS. minnira, OHG. minniro, from *minwizō, less, cp. Lat. minuō, Gr. μικύθω, I lessen; OE. þynne, O.Icel. þunnr, OHG. dunni, thin, cp. Skr. fern, tanví, thin.

•md->-nd-, as Goth. OE. OS. hunđ, OHG. hunt, prim. form *kmtom, hundred; Goth, skaman, OE. scamian, OHG. seamen, to be ashamed, beside Goth, skanda, OE. scand, OHG. scanta, shame, disgrace.

"1η·>·11·, as Goth, fulls, OE. full, Lithuanian pUnas, prim, form *plnos,/«//; Goth, wulla, OE. wulle, OHG. wolla, Lithuanian witlna, wool.

§ 140. Prim. Germanic bn, đn, gn = Indg. pn', tn-, kn-, qni (by Verner's law), and bhn-, dhn²·, ghn-, ghn-, became bo, đđ, gg before the principal accent, then later bb, dd, gg; and in like manner Indg. bn-, dn'-, gn*·, gn' became bb, dd, gg. And these mediae were shifted to pp, tt, kk at the same time as the original Indg. mediae became tenues (§ 129). These geminated consonants were simplified to p, t, k after long syllables. Examples are: OE. hnæpp, OHG. napf, from *xnaDnA or *xnabn-, basin, bowl; OE. hoppian, O.Icel. hoppa, MHG. hopfen, from *χοί)η', to

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		If 139-4°] Other Consonant Changes 67 sing. Goth, waist for wáis, OE. wast for wās, OHG. weist for weis; Goth, qast for qass, inf. qiþan, to say; Goth, báust for báus, inf. biuđan, to bid;* regular forms were pret. sing. Goth, waurhta, OE. worhte, OHG. worhta, Goth. inf. waurkjan, to work; then after the analogy of such forms were made OE. wiste, beside wisse, OHG. westa, beside wissa (wessa), / knew, inf. OE. witan; Goth. pret. sing, káupasta for káupassa, inf. káupatjan, to strike with the palm of the hand, buffet.* For purely practical purposes the above laws may be thus formulated:—every labial +1 appears as ft, every guttural+ t as ht, every dental+t as ss, s (st). § 189. Assimilation:—-nw· > ·ηη·, as Goth. OE. OHG. rinnan from rinwan, to run;* Goth, kinnus, OE. cinn, OHG. kinni, from genw·, Gr. γέκ«-5, chin, cheek;* Goth, minniza, OS. minnira, OHG. minniro, from minwizō, less,* cp. Lat. minuō, Gr. μικύθω, I lessen; OE. þynne, O.Icel. þunnr, OHG. dunni, thin, cp. Skr. fern, tanví, thin. •md->-nd-, as Goth. OE. OS. hunđ, OHG. hunt, prim. form kmtom, hundred;* Goth, skaman, OE. scamian, OHG. seamen, to be ashamed, beside Goth, skanda, OE. scand, OHG. scanta, shame, disgrace. "1η·>·11·, as Goth, fulls, OE. full, Lithuanian pUnas, prim, form plnos,/«//; Goth, wulla, OE. wulle, OHG. wolla, Lithuanian witlna, wool.* § 140. Prim. Germanic bn, đn, gn = Indg. pn', tn-, kn-, qni (by Verner's law), and bhn-, dhn²·, ghn-, ghn-, became bo, đđ, gg before the principal accent, then later bb, dd, gg; and in like manner Indg. bn-, dn'-, gn·, gn' became bb, dd, gg. And these mediae were shifted to pp, tt, kk at the same time as the original Indg. mediae became tenues (§ 129). These geminated consonants were simplified to p, t, k after long syllables. Examples are: OE. hnæpp, OHG. napf, from xnaDnA or xnabn-, basin, bowl;* OE. hoppian, O.Icel. hoppa, MHG. hopfen, from *χοί)η', to F a