38 Accidence [§§ 43-44 On the interchange between fortis and lenis, as in tac, day, lop, praise, sant, sand, hof, court, gen. tages, lobes, sandes, hoves, see § 33. Like tac are also declined the old consonantal stems vīent, enemy, and vriunt, friend, but pi. vriunde beside the old plural vriunt. Like kil are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having a short stem-vowel and ending in -1 or -r (§ 9, i). Like engel are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in -el, -em, -en, -er, when their stem-syllable is long, as mantel, mantle, ātem, breath, morgen, morning, acker, field. Those in -em, -en generally retain the e in the dative plural. Polysyllabic nouns with short stem- syllables fluctuate between the retention or loss of the e, as gen. sing, vogeles or vogels, dat. sing, and nom. ace. pi. vogele or vogel, and similarly vadem, thread, regen, rain, sumer, summer, see § 9, 2. § 43. Second declension.—To this declension belong all masculine nouns whose nom. and ace. singular end in •e, which is the only difference between this and the first declension. It includes : (a) the old masculine ja-stems ; (b) many old u-stems with short stem-syllable, as fride (OHG. fridu), peace, site (OHG. situ), custom, and simi- larly huge, thought, mete, mead, sige beside sic, victory, wite, wood (see § 36); (c) the old short i-stem wine, friend; and (d) the old masculine wa-stem schate (gen. schat(e)wes beside senates), shadow. SING. PLUR. Nom. Ace. hirte, shepherd hirte Gen. hirtes hirte Dat. hirte hirten § 44. Third declension.—To this declension belong all masculine nouns which form their plural in -e and with